3/22/65 The following article was printed in Fates & Fortunes
Magazine, Broadcasting section:
INTERNATIONAL
HOW ITU HAS BROUGHT ORDER OF THE AIR
FROM TELEPATHY TO SPACE COMMUNICATIONS IN 1OO YEARS
The year is 1840, the place, Strasbourg. Stradling the
border between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden is a
jointly owned telegraph shack. A message is clacking over
the French lines. It is addressed to Baden. The French
operator copies out the message, gets up and hands it to
the German operator sitting on the other side of the room.
The German operator begins keying the message over the
German telegraph system.
The year is 1902, Prince Henry of Prussia, having completed
a state visit to the United States, is sailing for home.
He composes a note of thanks to President Theodore Roosevelt
for the hospitality he had received in this country. It is
never sent. Why? The shore stations in the United States
refuse to accept the messages because the equipment on board
the ship is of a different type and nationality from on
shore.
Those two experiences, 62 years apart, sum up the
non-technical difficulties of communications in the two
periods. The first led to the founding of the International
Telegraph Union in 1865. The second, to the expansion of
that organization into radio. In between those two
instances, international telephony made its bow.
The organization, now the International Telecommunications
Union, was formed in Paris by 20 nations on May 17, 1865.
It's purpose then, as, now, is to keep the lanes of
communications open among the nations.
Seven international conferences later (the others involved
telegraphy and by 1885 telephony) the first ITU meeting
concerning radio was held. This was in Berlin in 1903 and
again in 1906. The radio agreements concerned maritime
radio only. It was at the 1906 conference that the 500 kc
band was selected as the international distress frequency,
with "SOS" as the international distress call.
WASHINGTON MEETING - It was not until 1927 that broadcasting
became a significant item on the ITU agenda. In that year,
80 nations sent delegates to Washington (after the U.S. had
become a member of the ITU) and among other matters agreed
to an international allocation of frequency bands for the
different services.
Standard broadcasting was authorized to operate in the band
from 550 kc to 1500 kc. This later was extended to 1600 kc,
and is still the official international band for domestic
AM broadcasting. In Europe, however, the band was extended
down to 400 kc.
The U.S. delegation to the Washington conference was headed
by the then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. It
included, among others, Admiral W. H. G. Bullard (now
deceased) and General C. Mc K. Saltzman, of the then Federal
Radio Commission; and former FCC commissioners T. A. M.
Craven, Irvin Stewart and Edward M. Webster.
Commander Craven, then a U.S. Navy officer, recalls that one
of the touchy problems at the Washington conference was
whether the AM bands were to be identified as kilocycles or
meters.
At his suggestion, each country was allowed to use either
nomenclature, but assignments were to be reported to the
ITU by kilocycles. In 1947, the kc designation became
official.
Actually the U.S. attended a 1925 ITU conference in Paris
which was primarily concerned with telegraph matters, but
only as observers. The delegation was headed by then
Representative Wallace M. White (R-Maine). But Commodore
Webster, then with the U.S. Coast Guard, recalls that at one
of the daily meetings held by the U.S. team, Congressman
White declared it was imperative that the U.S. formulate
a national telecommunications policy at the earliest moment.
One year later, Representative White was one of the authors
of the Dill-White Bill which established the Federal Radio
Commission, changed in 1934 to the Federal Communications
Commission.
It was at the Washington meeting also that the International
Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) was formed, to complement
already existing committees for telegraphy and telephony.
CCIR undertakes studies of standards and technical questions
and recommends its findings to the ITU. At this moment, CCIR
has before it the question of international standards for
color television. Its recommendations will be made
officially to the full CCIR meeting taking place in Vienna
March 22-April 7.
ATLANTIC CITY CONFERENCE - Two years after World War II
ended, the ITU held a major all-encompassing meeting in
Atlantic City, N.J. Key actions included the establishment
of an International Frequency Registration Bureau and an
administrative council of the ITU. The band of frequencies
for international shortwave broadcasting was broadened, and
the ITU became an organ of the United Nations, with its
headquarters transferred from Berne to Geneva.
By 1963, the ITU was host to more than 400 delegates from
70 countries at a conference in Geneva to establish radio
frequencies for space communications. The meeting resulted
in the establishment of 6,000 mc of spectrum space for
space communications, almost 15% of the radio spectrum.
Today the ITU represents over 120 countries in keeping
telecommunications throughout the world unhampered by
artificial barriers. Two of its prime agreements are
contained in the Radio Regulations and the Additional Radio
Regulations, a document that in nearly 700 pages governs the
use of radio for broadcasting, international shortwave
broadcasting, telephony, telegraph, navigation, meteorology,
aviation, marine, and a myriad other uses.
The ITU's radio regulations are virtually indispensable
throughout the world today. They provide information and
guidelines for all countries and for private companies.
Without strict adherence to the regulations it would be
impossible to hear foreign radio or television programs;
airplanes could not fly, ships could not sail in the great
numbers and at the speed they do today without inviting
disaster.
On May 17, a commemorative ceremony of ITU's one hundredth
anniversary will be held in Paris. From Sept. 14 to
Nov. 12, an ITU plenipotentiary conference will take place
in Montreux, Switzerland; only the ninth time in the ITU's
existence that a plenipotentiary conference has met.
Gerald C. Gross, secretary of the International
Telecommunications Union, took "leave of absence" in 1945
from his post as assistant chief engineer of the FCC to
become vice director and head of the radio division of the
ITU. He has served as secretary-general of the Geneva-based
international United Nations organization since 1959.
[GD's note: See his book, FROM SEMAPHORE TO SATELLITE,
in A.R.E. Reference Library, published in '65 by the ITU.]
WHO'S WHO in America Volume 33 - 1964-1965:
GROSS, GERALD COONOP, communications engr.; b. New York,
N.Y., Dec. 27, 1903; s. Jerome and Laura (Edwards) G.;
B.S. Haverford (Pa.) Coll., 1926; m. Susan Brundage, May
9, 1942; children by previous marriage - Gerald Coonop,
Anne, Barbara, Suzanne; present marriage, Laura Helen,
Elizabeth Brundage. Communication engring. U.S. Bur.
Standards,
1926-28; with engring. div. Fed. Radio Commn.
and Federal Communications Commn.,
1928-45; asst. chief
engr.; sec. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Com.,
1933-40.
U.S. rep. to Inter. confs.,
1927-38; mem. Am. delegation,
Inter-Am. radio Conf., 1940, region 2 1949; mem. Am. Sci.
Congress, 1940; mem. Am. delegation Enging. Conf. on N. Am.
Regional Broadcasting Agreement, 1941; Preliminary Five
Power Conf., Moscow, 1946; various internat. communications
confs. Sec. general Internat. Telecommunications Union,
Geneva, Switzerland. Capt. USNR. Institute of Radio
Engineers (chairman Washington Section, 1939), American
Rocket Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Episcopalian, Clubs; Army
and Navy Country, Metropolitan (Washington); Inter Allied
(Paris), Am. of Geneva (pres. 1956-57). Author:
Telecommunications (with J.M. Herring), 1936. Home: 12
Chemin du Pont-Ceard, Versoix, Geneva. Office: Internat.
Telecommunications Union, Place des Nations, Geneva,
Switzerland.



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