Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 23, page 90A, Copyright 1957
by Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
VERONICA, ST. According to legend, Veronica was a pious
woman of Jerusalem who, moved with pity by the spectacle of
Jesus carrying His cross to Golgotha, gave Him her kerchief
in order that He might wipe the drops of agony from His brow.
He accepted the offering, and after using the napkin handed
it back to her with the image of His face miraculously
impressed upon it.
This, however, is not the primitive form of the legend, which
a close examination shows to be derived from a story related
by Eusebius in his HISTORIA ECCLESIASTICA (vii, 18). He
tells how, at Caesarea Philippi, lived the woman whom Christ
healed of an issue of blood (Matt. ix, 20). At the door of
her house stood, on one side a statue of a woman in an
attitude of supplication, and on the other side that of a man
stretching forth his hand to the woman. It was said that the
male figure represented Christ and that the group had been
set up in recognition of the miraculous cure. Legend was not
long in providing the woman of the Gospel with a name. In
the West she was identified with Martha of Bethany; in the
East she was called Berenike, or Beronike, the name appearing
in as early a work as the ACTA PILATI, the most ancient form
of which goes back to the 4th century.
Toward the 6th century the legend of the woman with the issue
of blood became merged in the legend of Pilate, as is shown
in the writings known in the middle ages as CURA SANITATIS
TIBERII and VINDICTA SALVATORIS. According to the former of
these accounts Veronica caused a portrait of the Saviour to
be painted. The emperor Tiberius, when sick, commanded the
woman to bring the portrait to him, worshipped Christ and was
cured. The legend continued to gather accretions, and a
miraculous origin came to be assigned to the image.
According to the legends in France, Veronica was married to
Zaccheus, who had been converted by Christ, and went with him
to Quiercy, where he became a hermit. She then joined
Martial in his apostolic preaching. In the Bordeaux
district, Veronica is said to have brought relics of the
Virgin to Sonlac, where she died and was buried. In the 12th
century the image began to be identified with one at Rome,
and in the popular speech the image too was called Veronica.
It is interesting to note that the fanciful derivation of the
same Veronica from the words VERA ICON "true image" dates
back to the OTIA IMPERIALIA (iii, 25) of Gervase of Tilbury
(fl. 1211), who says: "Est ergo Veronica pictura Domini
vera."
See ACTA SANCTORUM, February, i,
449-457;
L. F. C. Tischendorf, EVANGELIA APOCRYPHA (2nd ed., Leipzig,
1877), p. 239; E. von Dobchuetz, CHRISTUSBILDER (Leipzig,
1899); H. Thurston, THE STATIONS OF THE CROSS (London, 1906).



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